HISTORY MOMENTS The Idaho State Historical Society reports that during this week in history: On January 27, 1905, the Payette Fruit Packing Company reported that it paid $22,265 in freight expenses the past season—four times more than it paid the farmers for raising the fruit. The Vietnam War--which cost the United States nearly 46,000 combat deaths and $137 billion over a 12-year period--came to an official end on January 27, 1973 at 5:00 p.m. Mountain Standard Time, which was 7:00 a.m. in Saigon. Emmett resident Johnnie Hughes passed away on January 28, 1943. He had been a resident of the Emmett area since 1880, and was believed to have been the last Confederate veteran in Idaho. He was born in Georgia on November 7, 1845, and served on the side of the Confederacy between 1863 and 1865. Friction between the whites and the Northwest Shoshoni gave rise to a winter campaign against them. On January 28, 1863, soldiers led by Colonel Patrick E. Conner encountered the Shoshoni at their winter encampment along Battle Creek just north of Preston. What started as a battle soon turned into a massacre. With losses of nearly 400 men, women and children, the Northwest Shoshoni suffered the greatest Indian casualties of any such encounters with the military in the entire west. Connor's winter tactics were later taught at West Point and utilized by General Cook during the Snake War. America's first Earth satellite "Explorer" was launched from Cape Canaveral on February 1, 1958.